A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M |
N | O | P | Q | R | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |
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A |
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Abrasion |
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The progressive
wearing away of a tire by scraping and rubbing. |
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Accelerator |
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A chemical which
affects the rate of vulcanization of rubber compounds. |
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Adhesion |
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Bond between two
cured or uncured surfaces. |
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Adhesive |
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An adhesive rubber
compound usually dissolved in solvent used to provide building tack and cured adhesion.
May be brushed or sprayed on the buffed surface. Some cement may be water-based. |
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Aging |
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Deterioration or
change of physical and chemical properties of rubber by oxidation, heat, or moisture over
a period of time. |
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Airbag |
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An inflated flexible
bag used to impart positive pressure on the article being vulcanized. |
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Air
Injection |
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An inspection method
using a high-pressure air probe to detect separation in the tire casing. |
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Air
Pressure |
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Force exerted by air
within the tire, expressed in pounds per square inch or bars. |
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Alignment |
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The adjustment of
various parts of the vehicle’s suspension system to ensure proper handling stability
and to minimize abnormal tire tread wear. |
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Ambient
Temperature |
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Temperature (°F or
°C) of immediate surroundings, usually room temperature. |
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Antioxidant |
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A chemical used to
retard deterioration due to heat, light, oxygen, or combinations thereof. |
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Arc |
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A measure of tread
surface curvature from shoulder to shoulder. |
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Aspect
Ratio |
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Ratio of
cross-section height to width. |
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Autoclave
Kettle |
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A vessel used for
vulcanizing rubber products under pressure. |
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Awl |
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A pointed, round, or
flat tool used to probe nail holes and injuries. |
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B |
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Backing |
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A removable
protective material used on the application side of retread rubber and repair materials to
preserve cleanliness and tackiness. |
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Balancing |
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A process to correct
for heavy or light areas of a tire. |
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Banbury |
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An enclosed machine
for mixing rubber and compounds. |
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Band
Lugging |
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A method of
retreading earthmover tires using hand built-up extruded lugs and autoclave cure. |
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Bar |
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Measure of pressure
in international units. 1 bar = 0.9869 atmosphere = 14.50 psi = 100 kPa. |
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Base
Width |
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A measure of that
portion of the tread rubber which joins to the buffed surface of the tire. |
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Bead |
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The anchoring part of
the tire which is shaped to fit the rim; made of high tensile steel wires wrapped and
reinforced by the plies. |
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Bead
Area |
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The anchoring part of
the tire which is shaped to fit the rim/wheel. |
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Bead
Face / Ledge / Sole |
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The flat portions of
the bead area between the heel and toe that contacts the rim/wheel. |
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Bead
Filler |
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Sometimes called an
"apex", it is designed to provide stiffness, stability, and durability in the
bead area. |
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Bead
Heel |
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The rounded portion
of the bead area that contacts the rim/wheel between the bead seat and flange. |
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Bead
Reinforce |
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May be steel, fabric,
or a combination of reinforced material to give bead area stability and body ply. |
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Bead
Toe |
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The point portion of
the bead area opposite the heel. |
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Bead
Sealing Area |
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The face/ledge/sole
and heel of the bead that contacts the rim. With tubeless tires, the bead area seals to
the rim and rim flange to retain air. |
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Bead
Seat |
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The flat portion of
the rim/wheel on which the bead face/ledge/sole rests. |
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Bead
Separation |
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Separation between
components in the bead area. |
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Bead-To-Bead
Measurement |
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The distance from the
heel of one bead, straight up at 90°, over the crown and down the other side to a
position on the heel of the other bead directly opposite the starting point. (Usually on a
buffed casing.) |
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Belt |
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A reinforced cord
layer located circumferentially around the tire and under the tread. |
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Belt
Separation |
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Separation of the
belts from the plies or tread or from each other. |
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Bias
Ply (Diagonal Ply) |
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A tire construction
in which the ply cords extending to the beads are laid at alternate angles substantially
less than 90° to the centerline of the tread. |
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Bias Tire |
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A pneumatic tire in which the ply
cords that extend to the beads are laid at angles substantially less than 90 degrees to
the centerline of the tread. |
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Blow |
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A porous condition
caused by a loss of pressure of undercure. |
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Blue
Triangle |
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A bulge due to a
section repair is allowed not to exceed 3/8" (1cm) in height. A blue triangular label
in the immediate vicinity may sometimes identify this bulge. |
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Body |
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Tire structure
excepting tread and sidewall rubber. |
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Body
Ply (pl. plies) |
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Layers of
rubber-coated parallel cords extending from bead to bead. |
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Body
Ply Insert |
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An additional layer
of rubber on top of the body ply to add to body ply durability. |
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Bonding |
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The joining of two
materials by use of adhesives or vulcanization. |
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Brand
Number |
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A number branded into
one or both sidewalls of a tire by the customer for identification purposes. |
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Breaks |
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A surface opening
and/or damage extending into or through the cord. |
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Buff
Contour |
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The specified shape
of a buffed area. |
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Buff
Line |
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The dividing line in
the cross section of a tire between the buffed surface of the original tire and the new
retread rubber. |
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Buffed
Surface |
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A specifically
prepared surface of a tire casing or repair area to provide proper texture to help promote
adhesion to the new rubber. |
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Buffed
Texture |
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That surface produced
by buffing, rasping, or cutting as standardized by the Rubber Manufacturers
Association’s Shop Bulletin No. 29 "Standard Buffing Textures - Retreading and
Repairing." |
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Buffer |
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A machine used to
rasp the old tread from the casing. A powered rotary rasp provides a clean, even surface
for adhesion of the new tread rubber. |
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Buffing |
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Removal of the
previously vulcanized rubber surface using a buffer. |
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Butyl
Rubber |
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A general purpose
synthetic elastomer (rubber) produced by copolymerizing isobutylene with small amounts of
isoprene. Butyl rubber has a high resistance to chemicals and low permeability to gases.
Its permeability to air is 70% better than that of natural rubber and for this reason is
superior for tire tubes and for tubeless tire inner liners. |
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Buzz -
Out |
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The removal of
material prior to making a repair. |
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C |
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Cable |
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The fabric or steel
strands forming the reinforced structure in the tire. |
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Calender |
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A multi-rolled
machine which impregnates fabric or cord with rubber and/or forms a thin-layered sheet of
rubber or other material. |
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Carbide |
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A hard, metallic
material. |
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Carbide
Burr / Cutter / Rasp |
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A rotary cutting
tool. |
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Casing |
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A used tire to which
additional tread may be attached for the purpose of retreading. |
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Cement |
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An adhesive rubber
compound usually dissolved in solvent used to provide building tack and cured adhesion.
May be brushed or sprayed on the buffed surface. Some cement may be water-based. |
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Chamber |
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A heated pressurized
curing vessel. See also AUTOCLAVE. |
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Chemical
Cleaner |
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A rapid-drying rubber
solvent for removing matrix lubricant, dirt, and other foreign material. |
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Chemical Cure |
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Vulcanization at room temperature
activated by chemical agents without the application of heat from an outside source. |
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Chemical Cure
Repair |
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Repair unit activated by a
chemical agent. |
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Chemical
Rubber Compound |
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A two-part rubber
putty which, when mixed together thoroughly, begins curing at room temperature. |
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Chemical
Rubber Gum |
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An especially
compounded repair gum which cures at room temperature by chemical action. |
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Chemical
Vulcanizing Cement (Chemical Cure Cement) |
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Cement which, when
used with compatible materials, will produce a chemical cure. |
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Chlorobutyl |
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Butyl rubber with a
chlorine atom bonded to the butyl backbone. Chlorobutyl has higher air retention and
better heat stability. |
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Circumferential
Break |
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A break parallel to
the beads in the sidewall area. |
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Cold
Patch |
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Vulcanization at room
temperature activated by chemical agents without the application of heat from an outside
source. |
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Compound |
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A thorough mixture of
natural and/or synthetic rubbers with various ingredients designed for each tire part. |
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Cord |
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The fabric or steel
strands forming the reinforced structure in the tire. |
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Cord
Separation |
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The parting of rubber
compound from the cord. |
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Cord
Strain |
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Tension of any given
cord or cords in the tire under specific load and inflation. |
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Corrosion |
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The oxidation of
steel cords and/or rim components. |
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Cracks |
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Any parting within
the rubber that does not extend to or through the cord material. |
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Cross
Ply |
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Sometimes used to
refer to a bias ply tire. |
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Crown |
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Section between the
shoulders of a tire. See TREAD. |
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Crown
Radius |
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The measurement of
the curvature of a tire tread between the shoulders of the tire. Expressed as a
percentage, it indicates the relative flatness of the tire tread area. |
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Crown
Width |
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The distance from
shoulder to shoulder measured along the buffed contour. See TREAD WIDTH. |
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Cure |
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The process of
vulcanization of rubber by applying heat and pressure over a period of time. Also see
CHEMICAL CURE. |
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Cure
Rate |
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The speed at which a
compound cures and develops its physical properties. |
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Cure
Rate Factor (CFR) |
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Cure Rate Factor,
used in curing calculations. |
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Cure
Time |
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The length of time
established to achieve a desired cure state. |
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Cushion
Gum (Bonding Gum) |
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A tacky, rubber
compound used for adhesion of tread rubber, under-tread repair, build-up of other repairs,
or on the bottom of some repair units. See PRECURED TREAD CUSHION GUM. |
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D |
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Delamination |
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A somewhat smooth
separation between layers of material. |
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E |
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Edge
Lifting |
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A separation of the
outer edge of the tread from the casing’s shoulder. |
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Extruder |
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A machine that shapes
a rubber compound, by the process of extruding, into a usable, heated form (example: strip
of die size). |
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Extruder
Gun |
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A small hand-held
portable extruder used for spot application of heated rubber to the casing. |
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Extruding |
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Process of forming
uncured rubber compound into a given shape by passing through an extruder. |
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F |
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Fabric
Fatigue |
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Fabric degradation
and resultant loss of tire cord strength due to repeated flexing, accentuated by
overloading and/or under-inflation. |
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Fast-Cure
Gum |
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Rubber Compound which
cures at a faster rate than retread rubber and is tested at 260°F (127°C). |
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Feathering |
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Reduction in
thickness to allow a smooth transition to match the contour of the adjacent material. |
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Filler
Plug |
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A rubber compound
that fills the cavity of an injury in a tire. |
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Filler
Gum (Filling Stock, Repair Gum) |
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A uncured rubber
compound (usually fast-curing) used to fill in low spots or repairs on a casing. |
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Finished
Buff |
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That surface produced
by buffing, rasping, or cutting as standardized by the Rubber Manufacturers
Association’s Shop Bulletin No. 29 "Standard Buffing Textures-Retreading and
Repairing." |
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Flex
Area |
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Circumferential area
in a tire where maximum bending or flexing occurs. |
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Flex
Break |
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A circumferential
break usually parallel to the beads in the mid-sidewall area. |
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Flex
Cure |
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Proprietary system
using uncured tread rubber and flexible rubber molds to produce a retread in a pressure
curing chamber. |
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G |
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Gauge |
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Thickness, usually
expressed in 1/32" for tread rubber or by millimeters for repair gums. |
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H |
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Heat
Cure Repair |
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Repair unit activated
by heat and pressure. |
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Holland
Cloth |
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A completely filled,
woven fabric with a smooth finish on both sides, used to separate rubber from adjacent
materials. |
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I |
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Impact
Break |
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In a bias tire, a
break usually in the shape of an X, Y, or star, which can be seen from inside of the tire.
In a radial tire, a break usually in the shape of an "I", which can be seen from
outside of the tire. |
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Inflation
Pressure |
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The minimum cold tire
inflation pressure required for specific load and speed conditions. |
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Injury
(Injuries) |
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Any damage caused by
a penetrating object of severe scuff or impact. |
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Injury
Size |
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Widest opening in the
cord body after skiving and buffing. |
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Innerliner/Liner |
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The layer (s) forming
the inside surface of a tubeless tire that contains the inflating medium within the tire. |
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Innerliner
Repair Material |
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A special repair
material for repair of innerliners. |
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Innerliner
Sealant |
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Liquid or semi-solid
material which is used to coat the innerliner. |
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Innertube
(Tube) |
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An airtight rubber
membrane (bladder) placed inside the casing of a pneumatic tire to hold air. |
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International
Tire and Rubber Association |
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An association
representing the tire retread and repair industry. |
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K |
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Kettle
Cure (Autoclave) |
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A pressure and heat
vessel used for vulcanizing rubber products under pressure. |
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L |
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Lamination |
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Separation between
two or more layers of rubber caused by surface contamination in handling or processing
uncured tread rubber. |
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Liner |
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The tubeless tire
inner surface used to retain the inflation medium. (See INNERLINER). |
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Load
Range |
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The term "load
range" with a letter (example A, B, C, etc) in tire identification is used to
identity a given size tire with its load and inflation limits when used in a specific type
of service, as defined in the Tire and Rim Association, Inc., tables. |
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Load
Rating |
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The maximum load a
tire is rated to carry for a given usage at a specified cold inflation pressure. |
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Local
Service |
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An application in
which operation is limited to speeds not to exceed 55 mph for not more that 50 minutes in
duration. |
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Low
Profile |
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A tire in which the
ratio of cross-section height to section width (80% or less) is lower than that of a
conventional tire, resulting in a squatty appearance. |
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Low-Temperature
Gum |
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A rubber compound
which cures at a faster rate than fast-cure gum, usually tested at 260 F (127 C) or 200 F
(93 C). |
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Lubricant |
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Something that
lessens or prevents friction. |
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M |
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Manufacturer |
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…of a tire, the
name of a company or wholly owned subsidiary making the tire. |
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Mold |
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The heated cavity in
which tires, retreads, and repairs are vulcanized. Includes the curing chamber, matrices,
and adjusting devices. |
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N |
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Nail
Hole |
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A penetration or
puncture caused by a small object, not to exceed 1/4" in passenger tires and
3/8" in truck tires. |
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O |
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Optimum
Cure |
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That state of cure at
which the rubber compound exhibits the most satisfactory physical properties. |
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Outside
Diameter |
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Measurement of a tire
when it is inflated and mounted on a rim. (O. D.) |
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Overall
Diameter |
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The length of a
straight line beginning at the buffed surface through the center of a tire to the opposite
outside surface, commonly used to size in inflated buffed tire; usually measured with a
diameter type (pi) tape. |
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Overall
Width |
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The maximum
cross-sectional width of a tire, including protective or decorative ribs. |
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Oxidation |
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The reaction of
oxygen with rubber or steel, usually evidenced by a change in the appearance
(discoloration) of the surface, a change in physical properties, or wire rust. |
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P |
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Patch |
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A specially designed
unit made of fabric and/or rubber that is applied to a tire or tube to restore tire and/or
tube integrity. |
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Patch-Plug |
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Combination of a
repair unit and a repair plug. |
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Penetration |
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Damage to a tire
caused by a piercing object not going completely through casing. |
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Perforation |
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Damage completely
through tire caused by piercing object. |
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Ply |
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A layer of
rubber-coated parallel cords. |
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Ply
Adhesion |
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Strength of bonding
between adjacent plies, usually expressed as the force required to separate them. |
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Ply
Rating |
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An indication of tire
casing strength and load-carrying capacity, expressed as numbers, letters, and/or symbols;
does not necessarily represent the number of cord plies in the tire. |
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Ply
Separation |
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The loss of adhesion
between adjacent plies. |
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Pounds
per Square Inch (psi) |
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A measurement of
pressure. 1 psi = 6.895 kPa or 1 kPa = 0.1450 psi. |
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Precured
Tread Cushion Gum |
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A tacky rubber
compound used to bond the precured tread to the prepared surface. |
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Puncture
Repair |
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An off-the-wheel
repair of any injury caused by a penetrating object. (Note: The type of repair is
determined by size and depth of injury.) |
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R |
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Radial
Cracking |
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Cracking, usually in
or near the sidewall area, resulting from under inflation. (Cracks are perpendicular to
the bead.) |
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Radial
Ply |
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A tire with cords
running radially from bead to bead (90º to centerline of the tire.) |
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Radial
Split/Break |
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A break in the
sidewall perpendicular to the beads that have not damaged the cord. |
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Radial
Tire |
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A tire construction
in which the body ply cords are placed straight across the tire from bead to bead; the
belt plies run nearly circumferentially around the tire, under the tread, and constrict
the radial ply cords. |
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Ream |
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To clean an injury or
hole prior to repair. |
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Reinforcement |
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Material, usually
rubber and fabric, vulcanized to the tire to add strength to the tire cord body at an
injury. |
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Reinforcement
Repair |
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Repairs made to the
bias casing when an injury has extended through 25% but less than 75% of the tire body,
requiring both hole-filling material and reinforcing the repair unit. |
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Repair |
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The act of partially
perforating a bias tire through the outer rubber into the fabric, which allows trapped air
or moisture to escape without loss of tire air-retention ability. |
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Repair
Gum |
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A soft, tacky,
usually fast-curing rubber compound used in tire repairing; available in sheet, strip, and
rope form. |
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Repair
Material |
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Specifically designed
material (repair units, repair gums, cements, etc.) used during the repair process of a
tire or tube. |
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Repair
Plug |
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A rubber compound
that fills the cavity of an injury in a tire. |
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Repair
Sealant |
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Liquid or semi-solid
materials used to cover the over buffed area around repair units. |
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Repair
Unit (Patch) |
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A specially designed
unit made of fabric and/or rubber that is applied to a tire or tube to restore tire and/or
tube integrity. |
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Repaired
Tire |
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Any tire with
punctures, cuts, or other types of injuries that have been reconditioned to restore
strength and flexibility for additional safe service. See common repair types: NAIL HOLE
REPAIR, REINFORCEMENT REPAIR, SECTION REPAIR, SPOT REPAIR. |
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Retreaded
Tire |
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A casing to which new
tread rubber has been vulcanized to the prepared surface to extend the usable life of the
tire. |
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Retread
Separation |
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A separation between
the tread rubber and the buffed tire casing. |
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Reversion |
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Deterioration of a
rubber compound's physical properties due to excessive heating. |
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